fJass ^ 

&pigOT o 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 




PARTS FIRST and SECOND 

COMPILED BY 

INER LAMB, A. B. 



Sawtelle Sesttijtei. Phijjt. 




C \c\0 vV * 



LIBRARY of GONGKESS 
fwo Copies ficcsived 

APR 3 1905 

Copyright tmry 
GLASS CL XXC NO! : 
COPY B. r 



ERRATA 



PAGE ERROR CORRECTION 

3,8,17 - antidiluvian - antediluvian 

4 Tarter - Tartar 

14 obsidion - obsidian 

22 Abe - Abo 

24 Hibrid - Hybrid 

25 - 600 - 800 
25 Pourtelles Portales 

25 - Campollion Champollion 

26 Sequia - Sequoia 



On page 7, ninth line, insert "also" before 
after. 

On page 16 omit say after London. On page 
22 omit o in Darius. On page 23 omit h in Se- 
rapis and one t in Mediterranean. On page 24 
omit one r in eruption. On page 27, third line 
from top, for must read may and for 20 read 30. 
On page 27, fourth line for -"but it" read "but 
the former." Close quotation at end of page 27. 

COPYRIGHT NOTICE 

Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1904, A. D., by 
Iner Lamb, in the office of the Librarian of Congress 
at Washington, D. C. 

NOTE 

This book was begun in A. D. 1869, from a 
desire to accumulate facts for comparison and 
reflection. Some were put down from memory. 
Some originals are not known to be in print. 
Tributaries receive their contents from reservoirs. 
"All the outs and half the ins are responsible for 
the present state of things." — (Thos. Chatterton. ) 



E1R*RATA 



Page 23 erase a t in Mediterraneum. 



" " for Seraphis read - • Serapis. 

Page 25 for arrine, read - arrive 

" " " Shilow read - -Shiloh 

u 27 " intelligeny read - intelligent 

" 2 9 " Lyall read - Lyell 

" 30 " Show read - - Shows 

31 " Etrucan read - Etruscan 

" 37 " journied read - journeyed 

" 38 " Macedas " - Maccedas 

" 26 " Dowley " Dowler 



49 and 50 for palaolethic read palaeolithic 
49 3rd line from top, for "Than read "Man" 
(Full stop after implements.) 



Preface.— The author takes no credit to himself, 
unless it is in the notes. He has given, credit to others, 
and if there is any omission he apologizes and will 
make corrections and give satisfaction. 



RELICS OF ANCIENT AMERICA- 
FIRST PART. 



Relics of Ancient America, and a few others, with 
notes made with a view to arrive at a correct solu- 
tion of prehistoric times. The following four classes 
were compiled from Egbert Guernsey's History of 
the United States, with a notice of American An- 
tiquities and Indian Tribes. Phila., 1869. The 
first class form Welsh and Scandinavian relics; the 
second Grecian and Roman; the third Egyptian; 
the fourth Antidiluvian; the fifth consists of a mis- 
cellaneous collection. 

CLASS FIRST. 

In Onandagua county, N. Y., is the site of an 
ancient burying ground in which timber of second 
growth was growing, judging from the reduced 
mould of timber lying around. The concentric circu- 
lar grains of trees of first growth would guarantee a 
period of 100 years. In one of the graves was found 
a glass bottle and an iron hatchet edged with steel. 
The eye or place of the helve was round and projected 
like the ancient German axe. In the same town were 
found the remains of a blacksmith's forge, and cruci- 
bles such as mineralogists use in refining metals. In 
Scipio, Mr. Halstead has from time to time ploughed 



up on his farm 700 or 800 pounds of brass which ap- 
peared to have been formed into various implements 
of husbandry and war. On this field forest timber 
was growing abundantly which had attained a great 
age and size. Mr. H. also found sufficient wrought 
iron to shoe his horses for many years. We cannot 
resist the conclusion that on this farm was situated a 
village of Danes or Welsh, who were exterminated by 
war hundreds of years before Columbus was born. 

Note — Allowing 500 years for the growth of the 
forest timber, all these settlers of New York state, in- 
cluding those at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, must 
have been exterminated about the twelfth century by 
the second great invasion of Tarter hordes from the 
North. 

On the Black River, N. Y., a man digging a well 
found a quantity of China and delf-ware at the depth 
of several feet. In Tompkins county, N. Y., Mr. Lee 
discovered on his farm the entire works of a wagon 
reduced to dust. On the flats of the Genesee river, on 
the land of Mr. Liberty Judd, was found a bit of silver 
about the length of a man's finger, hammered to a 
point at one end, while the other was smooth and 
square, on which was engraved, in Arabic figures, the 
words "in the year of our Lord 600" 

Note— Dionysius Exiguus fixed the A. D. in the 
year 527 A. D. Hence 600 was within 100 years since 
the custom of reckoning by A. D. in Europe began. 

The Welsh and the Scandinavians settled at the 
mouth of the St. Lawrence about A. D. 1000 to 1100. 
The traces of a Scandinavian, Welsh and Danish pop- 
ulation are clear. They form a class of antiquities 
entirely distinct from the walled towns and mounds, 
and must have been subsequent to them. The forts 
of Danes, Belgae and Saxon were round. Those of 
the Romans were square. A tribe of Indians, a great 
way up the Missouri, speak Welsh and retain some 
ceremonies of Christian worship, but are like Indians 
in habits and appearance. Imlay in his History of 
America says this is universally allowed to be a fact. 

At the head waters of the Red river is another 
tribe of Indians calling themselves Maccedas, having 
Indian manners, customs and speech, and who resem- 
ble the Welsh. Powell in his History of Wales 

—4— 



speaks of a lost colony in the twelfth century and of 
the voyage of Madoc, the son of " Owen Guynneth, 
Prince of Wales, who went west and settled in a new 
country. A tribe of white Welsh Indians were found 
in Ohio who had a very old Welsh New Testament, 
written in Greek characters, which they could not 
read. 1 

Note — The above mention of the twelfth century 
affords a clue as to when the extermination of the 
last settlements of New York state took place prior to 
the growth of the forests mentioned above, and to the 
discovery by Columbus. The Norwegians discovered 
Greenland A. D. 964, after which settlements were 
made at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Modocs is 
a name of a tribe of Indians (compare with Madoc.) 
Lord Monboddo says this country (America) was 
known to the old w r orld as early as the siege of Troy, 
B. C. 1 184. Lief was the first settler in Greenland. 

Snovo Sturleson speaks of Biorn of Iceland being 
driven bv a storm and finding; America and that in 
A. D. 1 121 a Bishop Eric went from Greenland to 
Vineland (Labrador) to convert to Christianity. 

Bancroft (Native Races, Vol. 5) says there are In- 
dian tribes in South America who have had the rites 
of baptism, circumcision and the purification of wo- 
men at childbiith long before the Catholic mission- 
aries went among them. 

CLASS SECOND GRECIAN AND ROMAN. 

There are mounds and fortifications along the 
Mississippi anterior to the above and that belong to 
the third class. The mound-builders (Toltecs) would 
be still a more distinct class and contemporary with 
the Druids. The largest mound is near Wheeling, Ohio. 
It is go feet high, 50 rods in circumference, and filled 
with thousands of human skeletons. Judging from large 
trees, it has been deserted 1200 years, i. e. since A. D. 
500-600. 

Note — -This date would place the mounds subse- 
quent to the times of the Greeks and Romans, who 
would begin to be driven back by the first invasion 
of Tartars from the North, and who made warfare the 
business of their lives A. D. 600-700. The cliff dwell- 
ers lived in more dangerous times. In Dade, county, 

5 



Wisconsin, are mounds of figures (human) with un- 
natural length of 'arms. At Marietta are extensive 
fortifications and a fort containing 50 acres of land, 
showing the power of the builders and the strength 
of the enemy, like the Roman forts described by Jose- 
phus (see Roman Camp). In the same county is a 
mound like a human figure, 35 feet in width, 6 feet in 
height, 125 feet in length and 140 feet from one ex- 
tremity of the arm to the other. On the bank of the 
Muskingham river and at Circleville, Ohio, are the 
ruins of immense walls, forts, mounds, and wells of 
beautiful hewn stone, and according to the most scien- 
tific principles of architecture. 

At Paint Creek, Ohio, are works of art more 
wonderful than any yet described, six near each 
other; one enclosure has three forts containing 17, 27, 
and 77 acres each, and 14 gateways from one to six 
rods in width. At the outside of each of these gate- 
ways is an ancient well from 4 to 6 rods in width at 
the top. Within the large enclosure is an elliptical 
elevation 25 feet high, 100 feet in circumlerence, and 
filled with human bones. The elevation is perfectly 
smooth and level at the top, probably where priests 
sacrificed human beings before the vast throng which 
congregated around the mound to witness the bloody 
rites. New discoveries are constantly being made. 

Note — This seems as if the mound builders had 
raised a mound inside of an old Roman fort, showing 
that they came subsequently. The Druids at one time 
offered human sacrifices; that of virgins and widows 
was well known in India. There are forts, tumuli, 
mounds, roads, w r ells and walls, enclosing from one to 
500 acres made of stone and earth, 20 feet in thickness 
and very high — works requiring too much labor for 
Indians ever to have performed. 

The skeletons found in them are not like those of 
the red Indians, who are tall and slim, while these are 
rarely over 5 feet in height. The tallest and shortest 
of the human races are in Patagonia. The Pueblos, 
a short race, making more pretensions to civilization 
than the rest, are found in North and Central Amer- 
ica. They could climb and needed protection, and 
are supposed to be the descendants of the cliff-dwell- 
ers, but without sufficient reason. Weapons of brass 

—6— 



have been found in several parts of America, both in 
Canada and Florida, and with curiously wrought 
si ones, showing that the country was once well peo- 
pled with industrious and civilized nations. 

Note — May not the mound builders, who were a 
rather short rare, but not so much so as the Pueblos 
or town Indians, have been driven back by the first in- 
vasion of Tartars from the North, probably about 600 
B. C, and after the barbarians had over- run the Ro- 
man Empire A. D. 200-300. The Danes, Welsh and 
Scandinavians, also short men, were driven back or 
exterminated by a second invasion of Tartars in the 
twelfth century A. D. In January, 1821, on the banks 
of the river Desperes, there were found by an Indian 
a Roman coin (presented to Governor Clark) and a 
Persian coin near a spring in Ohio some feet under 
ground. In December, 1827, a planter discovered in 
a field a short distance from Monte Video a sort of 
tombstone, with characters engraved on it. On re- 
moving it he found a small excavation formed of 
masonry, containing two ancient sw r ords, a helmet, a 
rusty shield, and an earthen- ware vessel of large ca- 
pacity, with writing in Greek, thus: "During the 
dominion of Alexander the Great, son of Phillip, king 
of Macedon, in the 63rd Olympd, Ptoiemais." The 
rest was worn out. On the handle of one sword is a 
portrait of a man supposed to be Alexander the Great. 

Note — Bv those foreigners who lived in Palestine 
the Olympiads are reckoned from the captivity of the 
two tribes. On the helmet there is a sculptured work 
of exquisi'e skill representing xAchilles dragging the 
corpse of Hector round the walls of Troy, taken from 
Homer's Iliad. 

In connection with the above Eratosthenes, the 
greek philosopher, mathematician and historian, B. C. 
200, mentions Pythias, who lived in the time of Alex- 
ander the Great, as being a great philosopher, geog- 
rapher and voyager, and that he made several voy- 
ages into the Atlantic ocean. 

Note — As the first Olympiad began B. C. 776, and 
they were held every four years, it would be the noth 
Olymp. in the time of Alexander the Great, unless they 
were at first held every 7 years, but it fits to begin it 
at the captivity of the two tribes 588 B. C. The 



Greeks may have followed the custom then prevailing 
at Ptolemais. 

CLA. S S T H I R 3D — EGYPT I A N . 

Lexington (Ky.) stands nearly over the site of an 
ancient town of great extent and magnificence, amply 
evidenced by the wide range of its works covering a 
great quantity of ground and a catacomb with niches, 
compartments, and mummies embalmed and in as 
great state of preservation as any that have been dug 
out of the tombs of Egypt 3000 years old. The cata- 
comb was 18 1-2 rods in length and 61-2 in width 
and 7 feet high, and would hold 2000 subjects. It 
was found in the bowels of limestone rock 15 feet be- 
low the surface. The descent to the cavern was 
gradual. 

Note — The Egyptians always excavated their tombs 
in the earth and along the sides of mountains of rock. 
The custom is purely Egytian. That they were a 
maritime people is shown from the following: In B. 
C. 604 they, under King Necho, fitted out an expedi- 
tion for the Phoenicians to sail from the Red Sea 
around Africa and return by the Mediterranean Sea, a 
distance of 16,000 miles, which they effected without the 
compass, for they were better skilled in the knowledge 
of the heavenly bodies than we are. 

CLASS FOURTH- — A N T I D 1 L U V I A N . 

The massive pyramidal structures found in Easter 
island were doubtless the work of a gigantic race who 
preceded the Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians and 
Chinese, for magnates walked the first. They knew 
nothing about glass and had the rudest hieroglyphics. 
They had to contend with inundations, earthquakes, 
carnivorous beasts and savage tribes. J Two, 7 feet in 
height, were found in a cavern on Mt. Ranier (Wash.) 
They may have been antidiluvians on account of be- 
ing giants. The remains of former dwellings, hearths, 
fire-places and bones of animals in immense quantities 
have been found along the banks of the Ohio many 
feet under ground, while above them are found the 
former habitations of men, and over them trees grow- 
ing as large as any in the surrounding forest. 

I Petrified. q 



On San Raphael island, opposite Santa Barbara, 
high up on the elevated land, are found an immense 
number of bones of whales. The top was level with 
the sea when the bones of whales were thrown upon it. 
The piles of shells were since the sea receded. Indians 
lived on shell fish. Fire-brands, split- wood, ashes, 
coal, tools, utensils of various kinds, brass rings, im- 
mense vessels of pottery of curious workmanship and 
remarkable size, have been discovered 80 and go feet 
below the surface. On the Susquehanna river a piece 
of pottery was found 12 feet in diameter across the 
top, 36 feet in circumference and of proportional size 
and form. 

M ISC ELL A N E 0 U S CLASS, 

In digging a well near Cincinnati, A. D. 1826, the 
stump of a tree was found in a sound state 80 feet be- 
low the earth. The blows of the axe were still visible 
and the remains of the tree were firmly rooted in its 
original position several feet below the bed of the 
Ohio. Another stump was discovered near this place 
94 feet below the surface, and on the top it appeared 
as if some iron tool had been consumed by rust. 

Note — The sound state and rusted tools point to 
its being overwhelmed from the west, hence its depth 
is not all due to decayed vegetation. We infer that 
the bed of the river had itself arisen and left the stump 
below. In the section about Fredonia, on the south 
side of Lake Erie, utensils of various kinds have been 
found, also split- wood and ashes, from 30 to 50 feet 
below the surface and much below the bed of Lake 
Erie, which may have been since raised. Xear Wil- 
liamsburg, in Virginia, about 60 miles from the sea, 
the entire vertebrae of a whale was found and several 
fragments of the ribs imbedded several feet below the 
surface. It is affirmed by some that the sea encroaches 
on the land on the western coasts and retires on the 
eastern, but the land also rises on both coasts, from 
the fact that no mounds are found on the states bor- 
dering on the Atlantic and Pacific. If there is no 
great whirlpool at the south pole there is no reason 
why oceans should subside, therefore we infer that the 
land has risen; but if there is one, the ocean has also 
sunk. Query — Would not the top of Mount Raph- 

—9— 



ael's land have been more disturbed if the land had 
risen ? In the same region, at depths of from 60 to go 
feet, the teeth of sharks have been discovered. From 
these and various discoveries from 50 to 100 feet be- 
low the surface we are led to infer also that the orig- 
inal surface of America may not have been much dis- 
turbed, but was suddenly overwhelmed from the west. 
The vast state of loam and clay, gravel and stone, 
which lie over each other evince from their unnatural 
positions that they were thrown furiously by water 
over the continent from the countries of the west. 

Note — The sea must have been much higher and 
rolled its bottom over the east. This violent over- 
turning could be ascribed to the shifting of the poles 
of the earth. Some suppose that alpha draconis was 
once our polar star, also alpha centauri. The former is 
gathered from the bearings of the Egyptian Sphinx. 
Relics of the reindeer are also found in the south of 
France. It can be calculated from the Delta that 
there was no Mississippi river 15,000 years ago. Quills 
of birds have been found large enough to admit a 
man's arm into the calibre, and the claws measure 
three feet in length. The footprints of very large 
birds are found on the rocks of Conn. The air must 
have been very much denser, the winds stronger, and 
the mountains lower when magnates, such as the 
Dinormis of New Zealand, walked the earth. In sys- 
tems of ancient marine deposits frogs were as large as 
sheep. The remains of a monster were discovered in 
Louisiana 17 feet under ground (probably on rocky 
mountain land), whose largest bone weighed 1200 
pounds. It (the bone) was 20 feet long and was either 
a jaw or shoulder blade. The animal is supposed to 
have been 125 feet long, probably Behemoth the chief, 
of the ways of God in creation. The largeness of the 
creatures would intimate that the earth was much 
larger, the sea much higher and that the time in solid- 
ifying the globe and assuming the level, notwithstand- 
ing its various elevations and depressions and the in- 
crease of soil in the valleys, is slight, compared with 
her spheroidal oblate change. 

Note — Vast numbers of human skeletons heaped 
up with broken tips of arrows in the skulls have been 
found several feet under ground in Louisiana with 

— 10 — 



plain indications of a seashore beach above them, arid 
from which the sea of the gulf has receded. The 
skulls were prognathous and high at the occipital 
crown. At Lafayette, 12 miles south of Syracuse, Mr. 
Wm. Newell was digging a well in limestone and 
found a petrified man near the surface. It was 10 
feet 21-2 inches in length; the thigh was 12 inches 
thick; the body was lying on its right side, with one 
hand at its back, the other in front and the left leg 
thrown over its right. 

Note —From the position of the limbs the action 
of water is suspected. He may have been drowned in 
Lake Ontario on a bed of limestone when it was much 
larger, or from the deluge when violence filled the 
earth. In 18 16- 1823 A. D., a hill was cut through to 
form a canal near Moestich, in the suburbs of Liege. 
In excavating there were found an extraordinary num- 
ber of bones, tusks, and molar teeth of elephants, 
horns of deer, bones of a species of ox (mastodon), and 
other mammalia, together with a human lower jaw 
and teeth (preserved at Levden) and at a depth of 19 
feet below the surface, where the loess joins the under- 
lying gravel in a stratum of sandy loam. The stratum 
was intact and undisturbed, but the human jaw was 
isolated, the nearest tusk of an elephant being 6 yards 
removed from it in a horizontal direction. Most of 
the other mammalian bones were found in or near the 
gravel, but some of the tusks and teeth of the elephants 
were met with much nearer the surface. 

Note — The above would suggest the bed of an 
ancient river. The sandy loam implying a time when 
the water was shallow and vegetation grew on it. 
When the river was swollen the bones would be found 
higher up on the banks. Rivers passing along lime- 
stone wuuld excavate and fill in with bones that were 
stranded on the shallows. A human skull has been 
found in a bone-cave (the Neanderthal in the Nether- 
lands) and one in the Engis cave (Lake Zurich). These 
are said to be more ancient than any yet found, and 
according to Prof. Huxley approached the European 
type. A skeleton found in the island of Guadalupe 
(now in the British museum) is found to belong to 
some of the Caribs who were killed in battle 200 
years ago, although petrified in limestone. 

— 11 — 



The following affords a clue as to the time com- 
pared with depth and with the nature of the ground. 
The foundation of Solomon's temple has lately been 
dug up at a depth of 90 feet below the surface. The 
layers of stone were 125 feet in length. The areas of 
the succeeding temples over it were much greater. 
This would give 2900 years for 90 feet of depth on a 
mountain being one foot in 413 years, allowing 20 
feet for the original foundation. The head of the 
original brook Kedron known at the time of Christ 
has been found 60 feet below the surface. A depth of 
4 feet will account for a generation of forest trees. 
Human graves w T ere found 60 feet in depth in Louis- 
iana and several feet over them oyster shells were scat- 
tered as if thrown up by a sea on a beach. On the 
banks of the Arkansas river 75,000 human skulls were 
found with metallic tips of arrows in them, of two 
races of men evidently slain in battle, in sand and 
covered over with several feet of sand and over it 
again several feet of clay, and over it again several 
feet of alluvium containing large forest trees. The 
skulls were narrow, elongated back and prognathous. 
In some parts of Nicaragua beads of lava basalt and 
chalcedony are numerous. Monstrous forms and 
shapes such as a coiled plumed serpent are found paint- 
ed 40 feet up the perpendicular side of a precipice. 
They understood the making of pigments of clay and 
stone utensils and obsidian arrow tips. Their mur- 
derous hands could not draw r fine lines. Their achieve- 
ments in sculpture made them seek uses for them. 
Hence their reverence for feats of sculpture amounting 
to worship. In skill and taste some ancient pottery 
is superior to modern. They found it abundant in 
lake islands, i. e., crater lakes. The pottery was evi- 
dently made when lava was abundant, for they could 
have dug deepinto the ground without the use of 
metallic tools. Hence the uses of funeral vases and 
tripods. Stags and alligators often form 'the orna- 
mentation of their pottery. They are found in Cen- 
tral America. One ancient copper mask was found in 
Nicaragua supposed to be at least 3000 years old, very 
elaborately ornamented, a la Mosaic, at Uxmal (Brit. 
Encyc. vol. 4, p. 324). The device of a beast spring- 
ing on the back of a human form and idols also occur 



in terra cotta. The figures are studiously grotesque 
and monstrous, indicating a delight for the ludicrous 
or for a desire to banish constant fears. Bancroft re- 
fers the relics of Nicaragua to the 16th century B. C. 
Cremation indicates a very numerous aboriginal peo- 
ple, also their highly finished taste for ornamental 
vases. Calaveras county has also yielded many inter- 
esting relics of a past age of the same natuie as those 
described in Tuolumne county. The. famous Cala- 
veras skull was taken from a mining shaft at Alta- 
ville at a depth of 130 feet beneath several strata of 
lava and gravel. Many stone mortars and mastodon's 
bones have been found about Altaville, but not under 
lava. The skull was of Pleiocene period, found as 
follows: black lava 4 feet, gravel 3 feet, light lava 30 
feet, gravel 5 feet, then red lava 4 feet, then red gravel 
17 feet, light lava 15 feet, gravel 25 feet, brown lava 
9 feet, gravel 5 feet, in which the skull was found. 
Gravel implies rivers from melted snow. 

An Indian arrow head made of stone as in our 
time was lately picked up from the solid cement at 
Buckeye hill at a depth of 80 feet from the ground and 
about one foot from the bed-rock. 

Xote — The Calaveras skull was found 40 feet deeper 
than the foundation of Solomon's temple and should 
not require 5000 years. A volcanic age could succeed 
and subside between it and the stone-mortar age. 
One foot from the bed-rock would imply (at Buckeye 
hill) a sea coast line not far off. Lava could be thrown 
150 miles. A well executed representation of a deer's 
foot cut out of slate and a tube 5 inches long and one 
foot in diameter were found 30 feet below the surface 
over which grew a huge pine tree, the growth of cen- 
turies, at Don Pedro's bar, in A. D. 1861, in Califor- 
nia. A petrified mammoth bone was found weighing 
54 pounds 35 feet in depth in gravel, also human 
skulls in post-diluvian strata over 50 feet in depth 
(river bottom). Mammoth bones at Diamond Spring 
40 feet in depth. Mortars were found at 100 feet in 
depth, also fossil bones and stone relics in the mines 
about Placerville. In Nevada county, at Grassvalley, 
stone implements have been found at different dates 
from 10 to 80 feet below the surface. A skillet, or 
saucepan, made of lava, hard as iron, was found at 

— 13— 



Colima in 185 1 A. D., 15 feet below the surface under 
an oak tree, which tree was not less than 1000 years 
old. A human forearm bone with crystalized mar- 
row imbedded, was found in a petrified cedar 63 feet 
below the surface. A collar bone was found in the 
gravel of the great blue lead in 1857 A. D. not less 
than 1000 feet below the forest-covered surface. Mam- 
moth bones at Columbia, in Stanilaus county, were 
found 35 feet in depth. A hyena's tooth at 60 feet in 
depth in Amador county. Two mortars from the 
bank of Yuba river 16 feet in depth. A pestal and 
mortar at 16 feet in depth in auriferous gravel, weigh- 
ing 30 pounds and holding tw r o quarts. An oval gran- 
ite dish with the usual bones under from 20 to 30 feet 
of calcareous tuft, 18 1-2 feet in diameter and 2 1-2 
inches in thickness. A stone bead of calspar was 
found with the bones of the mastodon under a strata 
of lava.300 feet from the mouth of a tunnel. In 1858 
A. D., there was found in tunneling, a stone mortar 
at a depth of 350 feet from the surface of the earth, 
lying in auriferous gravel under a thick strata of 
lava. In 1862 another mortar was found at the depth 
of 340 feet and 1800 feet from the mouth of the tun- 
nel. At the same level spear-heads from 6 to 8 inches 
in length and broken off where attached to shaft were 
found. 

The work of human hands is shown to have been 
discovered in connection with the bones of the masto- 
don, elephants, horses, camels and other animals long 
since extinct. In the carving of pipes by the mound- 
builders the representation of natural objects is much 
more accurate than of the cliff-dwellers who must 
therefore have preceded them. Indigenous animals 
are truthfully represented, also Lamantin and Toucan. 
It is hard to think how the mound- builders could cut 
down forests, dig up earth, with only soft copper 
quartz, galena or obsidion tools. The bones of fowls 
and shells are found in caves along the coasts. Lance- 
heads broken by fire are taken from altar mounds. 
Elaborately worked vases are found. Their altars 
and religious mounds are made with great care and 
exactness.' Several bushels of lance-heads of milky 
quartz were found in one mine. Pipes are cut from 
a single piece of porphyry or red pipestone. Bones of 

— 14— 



animals are found worked into daggers, awls, beads 
and implements. Their knives were of obsidian; they 
may have had bone shovels and scoops. A piece of 
copper weighing 5 tons was found 15 feet below the 
surface under trees that were at least 400 years old. 
That lump of copper had been raised on skids and 
bore marks of hie. Some stone implements w r ere scat- 
tered about, also hammers for making copper wedges; 
some stone hammers weighed 40 pounds. Much worn 
wooden shovels are often found. They could not have 
worked the mines in winter with their methods. The 
mound -builders (the Toltecs) were numerous, united, 
and agricultural. The modern Indians know nothing 
about those mines of copper. Hunters never build ex- 
tensive public works. The earth had been well cleared 
of wild beasts. The animal carvers of the lamantin, 
elk and toucan preceded them as a race, probably be- 
fore the deluge. All traces of architecture have dis- 
appeared except in South and Central America. Their 
earthworks show more perseverance than skill. Wooden 
buildings made by stone and copper tools seem im- 
possible. Their monuments imply a wide-spread re- 
ligious system under a powerful priesthood. Their 
altar mounds suggest sacrifices and human bones cre- 
mated to put in vases. Their temple mounds resem- 
ble the uses of the southern pyramids with reference 
to the pole star. Bancroft thinks the mound-builders 
came from Nahua. Their works were not built by a 
migrating people, but by one that had dwelt long in 
the land. 

Notes — The Pueblos were not migrating. The re- 
sults attained require from four to five centuries. If 
the civilization was indigenous and not imported a 
longer time would be necessary. A northern origin 
would imply a longer duration of time than a south- 
ern. None of their works (mounds) stand on the last 
formed terraces of rivers; those on the second bear 
traces of having been invaded by water. The last 
terrace required a longer time for formation on account 
of the gradual longituninal leveling of the river-beds. 
There has been a complete disappearance of their 
wooden structures. Length of time is suggested by 
the decomposition of human bones well calculated ior 
preservation. Skeletons are found in Europe well 

—15— 



preserved for 1800 years. Historic tradition would 
have been preserved had there been contact with a 
superior immigrant race. The fact that the monu- 
ments were covered in the 17th century with primi- 
tive forests uniform with those that covered the other 
parts of the country, that trees 400 years old exist 
over the monuments, and that equally large ones were 
found at their feet on and under the ground in all 
stages of decomposition, shows that the abandonment 
of the works must be dated back at least twice the 
age of the trees. The first growth on the abandon- 
ment of cultivated land is very unlike the original 
forest, both in species and size, and several genera- 
tions would be required to restore the primeval forest. 

General Notes — This article ought, perhaps, to 
have been put further on in the discussion of general 
causes. Dr. Wilson has shown that the mound-build- 
ers of Ohio were not red Indians. Dr. Aitken Meigs, 
of Philadelphia, has come to the conclusion, from the 
examination of 11 25 skulls, that no skulls can be said 
to belong exclusively to any race or tribe ; that none 
of them can be regarded as strictly typically, and that 
there is a marked tendency in them to graduate into 
each other more or less sensibly. Dr. Cummings, of 
London, say in his book entitled "Moses Right and 
Colenso Wrong," says: "no traces of man have been 
found in the drift which is next below alluvium." 
Drift has been caused by water and ice and is there- 
fore older than the deluge, which came from north to 
south and brought icebergs with it. Sir Charles Lyall 
says there existed on the earth some 40 or 50 thousand 
years ago a race of animals in the shape of man, who 
were able to make arrow heads and other rude imple- 
ments of flint. The arrow-heads of the drift period 
are older than 6000 years. The ages of stone, bronze 
and iron implements are contemporary with firs, oaks 
and beach trees. In digging a tunnel recently in Tu- 
olumne county, a pestal and mortar were found in 
gold-bearing gravel many feet under ground. Those 
exhibited in the Los Angeles museum show exquisite 
skill in their manufacture. They were evidently heir- 
looms and used for pounding either cereals or ore. 
There has been recently found in Arizona, 12 miles 
from Espagnola, a large subterranean cave, having a 

— 16— 



watch tower above with 1700 compartments, and sim- 
ilar to the great cave of Kentucky. One cliff cave in 
Arizona has the imprint, on the wall of a baby's chubby 
hand done when the plastering was first put on. Some 
of these cliff caves are now found with extremely diffi- 
cult access, high above streams. Close to the cave 
near Espagnola two skeletons were found, a male and 
a female, 7 feet in length. The femur of the female 
measured 19 inches. The skeleton of a man resem- 
bling a red Indian was found 16 feet below the sur- 
face and below four successive layers of buried trees, 
while excavating for gas works at New Orleans. 

Note — Four feet of depth accounts for a genera- 
tion of forest trees. A human skeleton has been found 
•in a quarry in North America, in limestone and petri- 
fied, 15 feet below the surface and lower than the relics 
of the rhinerceros. Query — When did the sandstone 
become hard, and how ? and where are the animals 
that made the imprints in the tracks of 40 species of 
bipeds and quadrupeds, found in sandstone along the 
Connecticut river ? 

On the small island of Easter in the Pacific ocean, 
which contains about 2000 savages who speak the 
language of Tahiti, colossal stone statues are found on 
platforms of Herculean masonry, made with great skill 
and tact. 

The flesh of the mammoth found preserved in the 
Arctic regions has been eaten by dogs in the last cen- 
tury. Semi-tropical animals have disappeared in the 
north. 

PREHISTORIC RELICS (Antidiluvian). 

Creston, Jan. 24th, A. D. 1891.- — Workmen exca- 
vating a cellar in Adams county, Iowa, a few days ago 
came upon the memento of a long forgotten race. 
They struck what at first appeared to be a solid ledge 
of rock or coal, and sitting down to rest one of them 
began to pick at an apparent fissure, when a solid rock 
nearly two feet square disappeared with a dull thump. 
The men set eagerly to work, and removing the bot- 
tom of the pit, discovered a chamber with a fifteen- 
foot ceiling on walls 20 by 20 feet in extent, which 



were of neatly seamed stone work. Ranged in rows 
on rudely constructed platforms were skeletons each 
with an arrow and tomahawk by its side, also ear- 
rings and bracelets of lead lying where they were 
dropped (by women?) and piles of what appeared to 
have been fur on the center of the platform. Each 
pile crumbled to dust as soon as exposed to the light. 
A number of tools made of copper were also found. 

Note — This may have been a tomb. Tomahawks 
and scalping knives were used for' making utensils out 
of skulls. 

The following is taken from the ''Return," Davis 
City, Iowa, for December. 1890: "An interesting find 
near Mendon, 111., that puzzles the antiquarians con- 
sists of fragments of a musical instrument made of 
copper. The characters on the sounding board are 
unlike those of other alphabets — Hittite, Aztec or 
Mormon." 

Some few years ago, two inscribed tablets were 
found near Davenport, Iowa, covered with peculiar 
figures, and among them strange hieroglyphic letters. 
The members of the Davenport Academy did not un- 
dertake to decide what alphabet it was, but the sec- 
retary and other members maintained that it was one 
with which the mound-builders were acquainted; that 
they were an ancient people and civilized enough to 
have an alphabet. 

By a strange fatuity the editor of the American An- 
tiquarian has come upon a find which is as puzzling as 
the Davenport tablets. It is in the shape of a musical 
instrument, or rather the fragments of one. The wood 
of it had decayed, but the copper which seems 10 have 
constituted the sounding board and keys, still re- 
mained in good condition. One of the strange fea- 
tures of the instrument is there is not a particle of 
iron about it. It seemed to have been a combination 
of a harp and violin. The shape is three cornered like 
a harp but the strings are stretched across a bridge 
and fastened to the keyboard at the end as on a violin, 
making a very unusual combinaiion. There is no in- 
strument like it in modern use, and nothing among 
the ancients that at all resembles it. The mysteri- 
ous part of the whole relic is that there are ten hiero- 

— 18— 



glyph ic characters cut into the copper sounding board 
close by the keys. These hieroglyphics are unlike any 
musical signs known in modern times. They are un- 
like any known alphabet. They resemble the hiero- 
glyphics found in the Davenport tablets over which 
the savants have puzzled themselves so thoroughly. 
They are also like those in the Greek grave tablet 
(time of Alexander the Great). They are not exactly 
counterparts, but resemble them. The letters on the 
Davenport tablets have been compared to Hittite, 
Phoenician, Samaritan, and other Eastern alphabets. 
They do not exactly correspond. The place where it 
was found is near a spring on the side of a hill three 
miles from the village of Mendon, and 20 miles from 
Ouincy, 111. The young man who found it was' dig- 
ging a post-hole for a hay-rick in his barnyard and 
came upon the copper-plate as he struck the clay. The 
family had owned the place for forty years. It was 
covered with forest when they took it. — Weekly Inter- 
Ocean. 

The following is a relic of past ages taken from 
Demorest's Monthly for August, 1890: "In the lake 
region of southern Florida a canal was being con- 
structed, in which a curious discovery came to light. 
About four feet below the level of Lake Dora a sand- 
stone wall was discovered, which led to further inves- 
tigation, which settled the fact that long anterior to 
Columbus, and perhaps the Christian era, a race in- 
habited Florida far superior to the Indian. They were 
a people who dwelt in w r alled cities and who used 
flint weapons in war. Indeed, there are evidences of 
such a race inhabiting this continent many thousand 
years ago. It is depressing to think that over a whole 
continent a race or races far advanced in a certain kind 
of civilization should have melted away before tribes 
of savages such as the white people found in this 
country after the discovery by Columbus." 

Note — This race may have been contemporary 
with Atlantis, and the tidal waves caused by its sink- 
ing have destroyed them to far inland, and then this 
event been followed by the invasion of the Greeks and 
Romans, and after they returned to have been fol- 

— 19— 



lowed by the incursion of Tartars, warlike from birth. 
As the knowledge of the use of iron goes back to all 
historic times, and America was once inhabited by 
wild men who knew nothing about iron (the cliff- 
dwellers had iron smelters but stone axes), it follows 
that the knowledge of it marks the line between his- 
toric, and pre-historic. It was only after the use of 
iron began that trees could be cut down and houses 
built, even log houses. The other metals are too soft. 
They inserted°nint wedges in split growing branches. 
Intervening spaces must have been depopulated by 
cosmic disturbances before savage tribes could migrate 
into an unknown wild country with only flint arrow 
heads. Tame and carnivorous animals must have ex- 
isted together from the first. The destructive forces 
of nature would aid man's supremacy on the earth. 

CURIOUS DISCOVERY. 

To the Editor of the Melbourne Argus: 

Sir — I have discovered in a stony creek, 15 miles 
from Castlemaine, the bodies of three Aborigenes. 
quite whole and not wanting in the smallest details, 
which are petrified into solid marble. When I saw 
them I thought them actually alive until, on going- 
closer, I noticed the eyes. They are in a sitting pos- 
ture, and the veins, muscles, etc., may be distinctly 
traced through what is now a group of stone blocks. 
They are in a splendid state of preservation; even the 
finger nails, teeth, etc., are as perfect as they weie 500 
years ago. One of them has a stone axe by his side, 
without any haft. The group altogether is the strang- 
est concern I ever witnessed. 

Note — These men, in the stone age, may have sat 
down to rest and drank of the calceareous water of 
the creek; if so, they were strangers and may have been 
shipwrecked, or they may have been buried sitting so 
in limestone. 

Record is found of the last inhabitant 
of Tasmania. 

Sir A. P. Gordon dimming writes to the Elgin 
Courier: "In cutting the Inverness & Perth Railway 

— 20- — 



[Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., U. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 



through the Loch i n wan da h Park on Altyre, we have 
unceremoniously trespassed on the privacy and retire- 
ment of a numerous colony of ancient toads. The 
cutting is here from 20 to 25 feet deep, the lowest part 
being from 10 to 18 feet of freestone and red con- 
glomerate. The interesting old residenters are found 
in the red freestone about 15 to 20 feet below the sur- 
face, where they certainly must have seen several 19 
years leases out on the land above them. They are 
sometimes turned out by the heavy hand-pick or the 
great iron crowbar, but a blast of powder seems to 
cause the greatest upset, as a shot is sometimes the 
means of exposing as many as a dozen of the sleepy 
old fellows. They seem none the worse for their long 
repose, but giving a few winks at the new light thus 
suddenly let in upon them, and taking gasps of un- 
wanted air, they leisurely and deliberately proceeded 
to hop and crawl, down the line along the small 
water-course towards the lower fields. I have seen 
them in numbers, and some of the men have counted 
above 40 at once (Scotsman), 

Note — Frogs are also found inside of redwood 
trees, where no air could reach them. Their sperm is 
carried up in clouds and rained down. 

REMARKS ABOUT ATLANTIS. 

In a conversation Euclid had with Anarcharsis, 
a Scythian philosopher, who had gone in search for 
knowledge and travelled from the far distant north to 
Athens, where he saw Euclid (B. C, 300). The latter 
spoke to him of an island as large as Africa, which 
existed bevond the shores of Europe, and which with 
all its wretched inhabitants was swallowed by an 
earthquake. After it sank the sea was so muddy that 
no ship could cross it for some time. This island, At- 
lantis, said the Egyptian priest with whom he also 
conversed, w r as situated in the western ocean opposite 
the straights of Hercules. There was an easy passage 
from it to other islands which lay adjacent to a large 
continent exceeding in size all Europe. These Atlan- 
teans made irruptions into Europe and Africa, subdu- 
ing all Lybia as far as Egypt, Europe and Asia Minor, 

— 21 — 



They were 'driven back by the Athenians to their At- 
lantic territory. Shortly after this repulse says Plato 
(B. C. 400),- there was a tremendous earthquake and 
an over-flowing sea, which continued a day and a 
night, in the course of which the vast island Atlantis 
and all its splendid cities and war-like nations were 
swallowed up and sank to the bottom of the ocean. 
In sailing from Africa to South America the bottom 
of the sea .can be seen for a considerable distance. The 
effect of the tidal waves along the coasts, reaching in- 
land for a hundred miles, must have been very de- 
structive. . The descendants of Jeremiah, Baruch and 
the daughters of Zedekiah are thought to have been 
living. (B. C. 560) on islands west of Ireland then; The 
date of the sinking of the Atlantis is not generally 
known — probably about Jonah's time, or later. Greek 
writers do not mention it, prior to Plato. It is sug- 
gested that a long ridge of mountains existed like a 
wall from north to south of Atlantis, mentioned in 
Jacob's prophecy. The repulse of the Atlanteans by 
the Athenians must have occurred before the latter 
rose to national importance, in B. C. 500, and after 
the time of the Greek poets, who do not mention it. 
The warlike Atlanteans may have .given rise to the 
ambition of Phillip,. Alexander, Sparta and Athens. 
Darious and Cyrus were forming their empires from 
B. C. 600 to 500. : The ultima thule of the ancients 
must have been connected with Atlantis near Ireland. 

r > , ; ; MODERN ENERGIES. 

At?Lake Lehman (Geneva) through the Rhone 
loaded with detritus from the Alps, a delta has been 
formed of two miles in length and 900 feet in thick- 
ness, in 800 years caused by violent floods. The Mis-, 
sissippi deposits one cubic mile in, 5 years and 81 days; 
so that it must have taken 14,200 years to form the 
present delta, which contains 2720 cubic miles. Hence 
15,000 years ago there could have been no Mississippi 
river, and very different aspects of America. The coast 
of Sweden from Fredericshall to Abe in Finland rises 
three feet in 100. years, proved from the fact that not 



only shores are now dry that used to be covered with 
low water, but because the shell-fish thai now live in 
the Baltic abound in the soil which is about four feet 
higher than the water, and that at the distance of 20. 
miles from the sea; also from the fact that barnacles 
or shell-fish that attach themselves to rocks and walls, 
washed by the sea, are found fixed ,on high parts of. 
the cliff. It is said the whole eastern coast of the 
United States sinks 16 inches in 100 vears. The tem- 
ple of Seraph is has been shaken and raised 20 feet very 
gradually since St. Paul landed at Puteoli. The lower 
parts of the columns are perforated bv mussel shells. 

In June, 1759 A. D., the vast Mt. Jorillo, in Mex- 
ico, was pushed up in a few days 1682 feet above what 
was before a plain. The isle of Than est is not now 
isolated, and the Goodwin sands (England) are now 
under cultivation. 

In 1822 A. D., the whole coast of Chili was ele- 
vated three or four feet, and an area of 100,000 square 
miles (half the size of France) was raised above the 
sea. Inland it was raised 6 or 7 feet. The whole 
coast of Chili is rising 5 feet every 100 years, so that 
the ruins of the empires of the Incas may not have been 
so elevated as they now appear. 

Note— Had the sea have sunk instead of land, 
raised the effect would have been more uniform uni- 
versally. Sicily is supposed to have been raised from 
the Meditteranean, since the present fish were created, 
for fossils on it for one and a half miles above the sea 
are 'identified with fish now found in the Meditter- 
anean. The great limestone deposit of Aetna is one 
and three-fourths miles above the level of the sea, and 
above that are slaty layers of pebbly limestone, then 
creta or blue marl, and then gypsum or blue clay. 
There is reason to believe that Sardinia has risen 300 
feet since men inhabited its shores, and that the west 
of Crete has risen 25 feet since the construction, of the 
ancient port of that. town. During the dry winter of 
1853-4 tho-level of the water in the Swiss lakes sank 
down lower than ever known, so 1 he inhabitants ..on. 
Lake Zurich determined to enclose some land and raise, 
its level by. dredging mud from the neighboring shal- 



lows of the lake. In doing this they discovered a num- 
ber of piles driven deep in the bed of the lake, and 
also a great many stone weapons, implements, and 
rude pottery, a small bronze hatchet and an armlet of 
brass. Fire piles and relics have been found in nearly 
all the other Swiss lakes. At Wangen, near Stein, on 
Lake Constance, there are 40,000 such piles. In A. D. 
l 775> 60,000 people were killed at Lisbon by an earth- 
quake in six minutes. 

From 1 80 1 to 1863, from what was before an 
eighth of a mile depth of sea in the Meditteranean, 
gradually arose Graham island (1831) to hundreds of 
feet above water and to three-fifths of a mile in cir- 
cumference, and then disappeared from view to eleven 
feet of depth from the surface of the water. 

In February, 1872, forty square miles sank seven 
feet in California. One thousand shocks were counted 
at Cerro Gordo, in Mono county. From 1682 to 1872 
there were four serious earthquakes. 

In 1692 Port Royal, in the West Indies, sank in 
one night. In 1722 at Java (Borneo) the scene of the 
greatest number of volcanoes, 40 villages were de- 
stroyed. Vesuvius has had twelve erruptions in 1800 
years. In 1899 (June and December), California ex- 
perienced several shocks culminating at San Jacinto. 

One of the results of modern energies is the pro- 
duction of the cotton plant, probably due to so much 
carbonic acid gas in the air arising" from the lungs of 
animals. 

The development theory is disturbed by the fol- 
lowing facts: Mollusks have degraded from com- 
pound to simple. 

A vertebrate fish has been found in the lower 
Silurian. Hibrids do not mix. Magnates have walked 
first in the descent of the natural order of creation. 
Each race has passed away before any signs of the 
next. 

--H— 

[Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., U. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 



MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS WITH A VIEW TO ARRINE 
AT CORRECT IDEAS OE PREHISTORIC TIMES. 

There have been four distinct races. The order 
of creation has been progressive but not connective. 
The size of human skulls has uniformly diminished 
from antiquity while nervous temperament has greatly 
increased. In Seville's history of the tombs of Egypt, 
the works of Champollion and Young it is said that 
no records of the tombs of Egypt is older than 2200 
B.C. At Thebes in upper Egypt, there is scarcely any 
record older than igooB.C.The pvramid of Cheops the 
largest structure of man is placed at 2170 B.C. Allow- 
ing time for lower Egypt to first become a great nation 
the creaton would be placed at 5000B.C. agreeing more 
with the chronology of the Septuagint. It is published 
that papyri have been lately found in the tombs of E- 
gypt that date back to 5000B.C. and crumble on the 
admission of light. The hieroglyphics of Egypt testify 
to the truth of the Exodus but say nothing about a uni- 
versal deluge. Portraits even to color of the Caucas- 
ian, the Negro, the Jew and the Arab have been found 
in the excavations of Egypt as far back as 1500 B. C, 
about 800 yrs after the deluge according to Genesis. 
The best recently published Atlas places Sargon of 
Chaldea at 3800 B. C. 

The statement of Bancroft in Vol. 5 of ''Native 
Races," that there are Indian tribes in South America 
who have had the rites of baptism, circumcision, and 
the purification of women at child-birth, long before 
the Catholic missionaries went among them, confirms 
the general tenor of the Book of Mormon, and discov- 
eries have since shown that colonies of Jews did settle 
in Australia, S. India and Arizona, who became flour- 
ishing and then dwindled into the condition of In- 
dians, and that branches of the houses of Joseph and 
Judah grew over the wall (Atlantis) and maintained 
the sceptre till Shiloh came. 

The following is taken from the Brit. Encycl., 
vol. 1, "America": 

'There has been found by Count Pourtelles pro- 



—25— 



tions of the human skeleton and fragments of human 
handiwork, associated with the bones of the mam- 
moth under circumstances that imply the greatest an- 
tiquity. The conglomerates in which 1he remains 
occur in the Florida coral reef is estimated by Prof. 
Agassiz to be 10,000 years old. But what is still 
more amazing is the skeleton found by Dr. Dowley 
beneath four buried forests, in the delta near New Or- 
leans, which is said to be 50,000 years old, and the 
remains from California were found in a deposit be- 
neath Table mountain which was formed in an old 
river of the Pleiocene or post-Pleiocene period. When 
this deposit (probably calcareous) was formed there 
was a river valley there, down which an overflow of 
volcanic matter was poured. Since that time the de- 
nudation has been so great and the volcanic matter 
so hard that the sides of the valley have been swept 
away leaving the valley bottom with its projecting 
cover (lava) standing far above the level of the neigh- 
bouring country. 

Articles made by man occur under conditions in- 
dicating great antiquity. Thus along the north coast 
of Equador there are volcanic deposits which belong 
to the/period of volcanic activity preceding the pres- 
ent, which may probably be referred to the post-Plei- 
ocene period. This matter is arranged in terraces and 
in one of these terraces, now 24 miles from the coast 
and 150 feet above the sea, Mr. W. lias found beneath 
the vegetable mould beds of clay with sand and gravel, 
which contain fragments of pottery. These beds, it is 
believed, were deposited beneath the sea, implying an 
elevation of 150 feet since the formation. On the 
coast there is a pottery-containing stratum which 
has been followed for 80 miles, and patches of a sim- 
ilar bed occur over a distance of 200 miles/' (Vol.i, 
Brit. Encyc, page. 692.) 

August 28, 1902. — There has recently been found a 
sequoia tree on Mi. Brewer (Fresno county), along 
Kings river, back of Millwood, three miles from Con- 
verse basin, that measures 109 feet in circumference 
and 32 feet in diameter. It is just inside the govern- 
ment reserve. Twenty-seven years ago a man passing 



through that region found a burnt stump, 40 feet in 
circumference, and from rings in it found that it was 
4000 years old when it fell, and must have been 30 feet 
in circumference when Christ lived, but the former 
must go far back of B. C. (.000. 

Remarks of Mrs. M. A. Halleck, on "Ancient 
America," taken from the Christian Weekly: 

"It is quite startling to be called upon to believe 
that our western stales were supporting an intelligent 
settled and civilized people two or three thousand 
years ago in the days of Solomon, Nebuchadnezzar, 
Daniel and Solon, in Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Wis- 
consin, Nebraska and other of our states from the gulf 
of Mexico to the far north." 

On the Missouri river artificial mounds are found. 
There are no less than 10,000 in Ohio alone. They 
are made with great labor and some of them have the 
combination of squares and circles executed with geo- 
metric skill. In Adams county, Ohio, is a mound in 
the form of a serpent, 1000 feet long, with its jaws ex- 
tended as if in the act of swallowing an oval mound 
while its tail lies in a triple coil. A fanciful people 
truly. That the mound builders were also miners and 
worked the copper mines of the northwest is quite 
probable, for most of the mines, if not all, that have 
been opened by miners of the present generation show 
that they had been worked before. 

Mr. Baldwin tells us that near Lake Superior, in 
a new mine, a huge mass of copper, weighing nearly 
six tons, was found raised on logs of cedar, the ends 
of the logs showing plainly that an axe had been used. 
These logs crumbled on being exposed to the air (sim- 
ilar to the papyri of Egvpt that were 5000 years old). 
Near by lav a stone hammer weighing 36 pounds and 
one of copper weighing 36 pounds and another of cop- 
per weighing 25 pounds. On the top of the mine were 
trees showing 395 years of growth, while the decayed 
trees of a former generation were seen lying across the 
pits. This certainly points back to a great antiquity 
and must have been coeval with the mound builders. 
The area of ground supposed to have been worked by 
these miners is greater than that occupied by the pres- 
ent generation. 



Note — This great area suggests a populous civil- 
ized condition not far from the scene, and strong men 
(giants) to wield such hammers, also much growth of 
cedar and therefore a mountainous region, with traffic 
on the lakes. The query is, why was the work broken 
off and the tools deserted ? Being 400 miles from the 
sea coast the light was cut off from the entrance while 
the logs were still hard. Iron w r as known in the early 
days of Greece B. C. 700, and probably to the cliff- 
dwellers. Stone hammers would never be used where 
iron was known. It is a question whether these set- 
tled, industrious, civilized people antedated the mound 
builders, w T ho were a short race from five to five and a 
half feet in height; but a generation preceded them 
(the mound builders) who were from 7 to 9 feet in 
height (antediluvians ?). 

It is hinted in some ancient books that an intelli- 
gent people from the east came in ships, B. C. 1000, 
and settled in Central America and Mexico, where 
they remained peaceable till they were strong enough, 
when they conquered the country, established their 
civil'zation, built their mounds and finally spread 
themselves up the Mississippi carrying their mound 
building propensities with them; that they remained 
here till a barbarous people from the north — who 
might have come over what is now Behring Straits — 
poured down upon them, and after a terrible struggle 
of 13 years drove them back to their southern country. 

Note — Was this the fust invasion of Tartars from 
the north ? Here w T e have the first introduction to our 
Indians. There are evidences that years ago some 
states of South America were civilized, and it is sur- 
mised that the enlightened people who came in ships 
were from that end. 

According to the Book of Mormon, about from A. 
D. 320 to 340 the Lamanites w r ere 20 years driving 
8od,ooo Nepites from South America to New York 
state, a distance of nearly 2000 miles. Mounds there- 
fore, as natural sepulchres, ought to be found in the 
line of march. They are found in fourteen states. 

—28— 



[Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., U. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 



viz.: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, 
Florida, Texas, Missouri and Nebraska. (See "Mound- 
builders," in People's Encyc.) Nebraska seems out of 
their course, but they ought to be found in Mexico. 
Relics that crumble when light is admitted, are from 
3000 to 5000 years old. The works of ancient miners 
show remarkable skill in discovering and tracing ac- 
tual veins of metal, and indicate great sameness of 
method. 

The skeletons of the mound-builders always perish 
when exposed to the air, like the papyri of Egypt, 
that were 5000 year old, while well-preserved skele- 
tons, 2000 years old, have been taken from burial places 
in England and European countries less favorable for 
preserving them. 

Forest trees do not grow at once, over ruins. An 
annual successive growth of 800 rings were counted 
in the trunk of a tree, mentioned by Sir Charles Lyall 
and others, found at Marietta. 



END OF PART FIRST. 



GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON ANCIENT NATIONS. 

We have evidence that ships coming from the 
West have been wrecked on the western coast of South 
America, and the monuments of the Pacific Coast 
have no identity with the now elevated ruins of the 
cities of the Incas, who had an empire and a capital, 
the centre of which was devoted to sacred buildings. 
They conquered the Chimus, who had an empire on 
the east coast of South America, and a capital city 
covering an extent of twenty miles. Their empire 
might have included the Island of Atlantis, and a 
large continent on the Pacific Ocean. They may have 
made invasions into China, as well as Africa. 

We do not know the origin of the tall race of the 
Patagonians, unless they were Tartars, who were a 
taller and stronger race than any that ever came from 
Europe. They trained themselves to war, and made 
a business of it all their lives. 

At the time of the destruction of the Roman Em- 
pire, great hordes of Vandals (Arians in religion) in- 
habited the north of Europe and Italy, about A. D. 200. 

The Chinese must be a comparatively recent na- 
tion, of indigenous growth, as there is no intimation 
of their immigration into America in early days. Ig- 
norance of perspective is characteristic of them. They 
still count by twos, and use the unreformed method of 
Egyptian writing, i. e., up and down, as well as from 
right to left. They built their wall to defend them- 
selves from the Tartars, but the latter have always 
ruled them. It appears from published accounts that 
the ancient inhabitants of Central America had the 
vigentesimal system of notation, as discovered from 
their monuments. 

MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 

The hieroglyphics on the most massive buildings 
of Central America are the crudest of all. The dark- 
ness of their chambers show ignorance of glass. They 
carved well on rocks. A large piece of solid isinglass 
was found in one of the mounds. 



—30— 



Note — Isinglass is a gelatinous, transparent, fishy 
substance, capable of hardening, and it may be also 
an old name for mica. 

The ancient Etrucans of Italy had almond-shaped 

eyes. 

The Aryan race preceded Babylon, Egypt and 
China. 

The Hindoos first propagated the decimal system 
of notation. We received it from the Arabs. 

Indians usually all have black hair — a sign of the 
motive temperament. 

The greatest variety of color and hair is found 
among the Polynesians. 

The domestic animals of Australia and America 
have all been transported from Europe, except a spe- 
cies of dog in America. 

Wild tribes found sufficient occupation in hunting 
and roaming. 

Wild horses are found in parts of the earth very 
remote from each other. 

Relics show that mammoths existed in the north- 
ern regions,but mastodons in the equatorial and south- 
ern. Elks, elephants, mastodons and mammoths once 
existed in both Europe and America. Camels in 
America The rhinoceros in North America. Crows 
are said to be very rare in South America. The mas- 
todon was domesticated for its milk till the third cen- 
tury A. D., in .America, as shown by brass tablets found 
at Kinterbrook, Pike county, Illinois, which contain 
the history of the Algewas, and also from Solomon 
Spaulding's Roman MS., found in a cave in Ohio, 
written in Latin, and which fell into decay before it 
could be deciphered. (Parchment does not follow the 
rule of skeletons.) An account of the former is con- 
tained in the Olive Branch, published in 1829 A. D., 
at Springfield, Illinois, by H. Aldrich. 

All the great destructions of the human race can 
be traced to war, famine, pestilence, cyclones, volcanic 
eruptions and earthquakes. It is uncertain whether 
comets are destructive. 



— 3i — 



LARGE AXD SMALL SKULLS. 

(Taken from the St. Louis Democrat, of Nov. 13th, 

A. D. 1885.) 

It gives an account of some excavations on the Mt. 
Ararat Farm, east of Carrolton, 111., where the bones 
of 32 Indians were unearthed. They were not a di- 
minutive race. Some of the thigh bones were 16 in. 
long, and some of the skulls 24 in. in circumference, 
which means a head measuring 25 or 26 in. in circum- 
ference. The average head of the white man to-day, 
in New York, is 22^ in. in circumference. So culture 
has not enlarged the size of the head. TheEngis and 
Neanderthal skulls are the oldest known, and belonged 
to the Stone Age. Prof. Huxley described them as 
being well-formed, and considerably larger than the 
average European skulls of to-day, and in the cubic 
capacity of the whole. In A. D. 1886, they measured 
many of the skulls unearthed at Pompeii, the remains 
of Romans who lived 2000 years ago, and found them 
larger in every way than those of the present century. 
They were no doubt motive- vital as to temperament. 
In the museum of Switzerland, in 1887, "we measured 
the skulls of the ancient Lakedwellers of that country, 
and found them larger in all respects, but particularly 
in the forehead, than those of the Swiss people of the 
last 50 years. The average circumference of the skulls 
we measured in the suburbs of Paris was 21 1-2 inches, 
which is about an inch more than that of Parisians 
who have died in the last 50 years." 

Note — A large head holds power; a small one exer- 
cises power. A large, massive, compact head indicates 
tne possessor of wealth and motive pow r er. Activity 
of brains and the nervous system have very much in- 
creased. "Men shall run to and fro, and knowledge 
shall be increased." — (Bible.) 

REMARKS ABOUT THE ANCIENT EMPIRES OF S0TJTH 

AMERICA. 

In Peru are not only aboriginal monuments of 



— 3 2 ~ 



rained temples, but of works of public utility — aque- 
ducts, bridges, and paved roads hundreds of miles in 
length. The remains of the great temple of the sun 
at Cuzco are still imposing. It consisted of a princi- 
pal building, several chapels and interior edifices, cov- 
ering a large extent of ground in the heart of the city. 
Aqueducts opened within the sacred enclosure. There 
were walks among shrubs and flowers of gold and sil- 
ver, made in imitation of nature. 

The Perm ian Empire was a concretion of fami- 
lies, tribes and nationalities, reduced by conquest, 
probably involving lands on both sides of the coast, 
now sunken. 

The capital of the Chimus, on the east of South 
America, covered over 20 miles, and is the marvel of 
South America. They were conquered by the Incas. 
The capital of the Chimus has immense huiacas or 
pyramidal structures. Some are half a mile in circuit. 
There are vast areas shut in by massive walls, each 
containg a tank, shops and municipal edifices and 
those of the people, furnaces and smelting works, and 
each is a branch of a larger organization. The Tem- 
ple of the Sun there is 812 feet in length, 470 feet in 
width at the base, and nearly 150 feet in height. Jo- 
siah Priest says they, had unbounded empire; and as 
in the Old World, empire succeeded empire, from the 
jarring of an unwieldy and ferocious mass. 

The American Encyclopedia savs, under "Ameri- 
can Antiquities:" "We may deduce an age for most of 
the monuments of the Mississippi Valley, of not less 
than 2,000 years." 

The principal ruins of Mexico are those of tem- 
ples and structures dedicated to defensive purposes! 
Those of undoubted high antiquity are most massive 
in character, and display remarkable evidence of tact 
and skill. Torquemada estimates the number of tem- 
ples in the Mexican Empire at 40,000. One. of these 
temples is 6S0 feet square at the base— covering an 
area of eleven acres, or nearly equal to the great pyra- 
mid of Cheops, in Egypt. The pvramid of Cholula, 



—33— 



m Mexico, has four stages, and when measured by 
Humboldt, was 1 60 feet high, 1,400 feet at the base, 
and covered an area of forty -five acres. 

The temples of Central America, like those of 
Mexico, had features peculiar to themselves. The ter- 
races were less in size, but covered with more exten- 
sive buildings, upon which aboriginal art exhausted 
its utmost capabilities. They had broad stairways, 
massively built, the walls being of great thickness, 
and from one to four stories, rising smaller, being 
themselves pyramids. They had narrow corridors and 
dark chambers, often stuccoed with figures painted in 
bas-relief. Idols and altars are found in the chambers, 
and evidences of ancient sacrifices. 

Carved monoliths, peculiar to Honduras, are found 
at Copen, which has the highest antiquity m all Cen- 
tral America. At New Granada are structures sup- 
ported by columns; also rude, uncut stone- work. 

PREHISTORIC PERIODS — GLACIERS. 

Eight hundred feet is the maximum thickness of 
the Swiss glaciers at the present day; but when the 
erratic blocks were deposited by the Jura, they were 
seven or eight times as long, and varied from 1,000 to 
3,000 feet in depth — more than half a mile. 

The human races that fabricated the flint tools of 
the Somme valley and Brexam caves belong to the 
latest period, or the second, continental condition of 
the British Isles. 

The quality of these cliffs on each side of the val- 
ley show that England and France were once united. 
There is every reason to believe that the Grampian 
hills of Scotland were once enveloped in one great 
winding sheet of ice and snow. Grooves, produced 
by glacier abrasion, are found in many places under 
such circumstances that render it impossible to sup- 
pose them to have been produced by stranded icebergs. 

It may be averred that there was once a mainland 
from Australia to Mexico, because their inhabitants, 
including the Feejee Islanders, begin their new vear 



-34- 



the night the Pleiades are longest visible — a custom 
well known to ancient Babylon and Egypt. 

NOTES ON NIAGARA FALLS. 

(Taken from the New York Tribune of 1892, relating 
to prehistoric times.) 

"From several different surveys, from 1842 to 1875, 
the southernmost point of the horse-shoe falls has re- 
ceded 100 feet, while in the brink of the American 
Fall, differences of 40 feet were apparent. The south- 
ernmost point of horse-shoe falls was found to travel 
south nearly 9 feet every year. In course of time, the 
American Fork will be obliterated, transforming Goat 
Island into a peninsula, the smaller islands appearing 
as little hill tops. The fall will be higher than to- 
day, because the present descent of 50 feet over the 
rapids will be added to the height of the cataract, less 
the number of feet needed to give the necessary cur- 
rent to the river below, which at present is 1 5 feet to 
the mile. The fall will never reach Buffalo, on ac- 
count of the underlying rock, which is soft. The 
horse-shoe falls recede now (1882, A. D.) more east 
than south/' 

Since we have discovered that all the work of 
excavation could have been accomplished in about 
3,000 years, our computation of the human race has 
settled down to reasonable figures which give to the 
beds of sand and gravel in which the oldest human 
implements have been found, an age of from 40,000 
to 60,000 years. — Julius Pohlson. 

THE ANTIQUITY OF EGYPT, WITH REGARD TO THE DATE 
OF THE BUILDING OF THE PYRAMID OF CHEOPS. 

The Seven Wonders of the World cites Heroditus 
for the statement that the pyramid of Cheops was 
built B. C, 900. The American Encvc, under u pyra- 
mid," explains it thus: kl It was finished in its present 
form at that date as a mastabe, or large rectangular 
tombstone. It, witli many others, lias existed since 
B C, 3,000, as far back as the Shepherd Kings, and 



—35- 



long before the dynasty of Menes. It was a custom 
peculiar to Egypt, to excavate rocks for sepulture." 

This is a good reason for believing that papyri 
found m Egyptian tombs in rocks can be traced back 
to very great antiquity. This gives support to the 
chronology of the Septuagint. 

"The "Seven Wonders of the World" says that 
"2,000 years befcre the Christian Era, the Egyptians 
had learned to transport the heaviest blocks of granite, 
that were from 20 to 30 feet in length (Amer. Encyc), 
for a land journey of 600 miles, and a voyage of 
nearly 70c miles, and to cut and polish them with a 
precision we cannot surpass, and with a degree of sci- 
ence unequaled from that day to this," which reveals 
a long anterior life that could lead to such maturity. 
We are lost In admiration as to the means employed 
by the ancients in lifting a block of solid stone for an 
architrave, which was 21 feet in length, 6 feet in 
width and 7 feet in depth, and place it safely upon the 
capitals of columns 40 feet from the ground. 

As the pyramid of Cheops is on the confines of 
Lower Egypt, while Thebes, which subsequently be- 
came the capital of all Egypt, was in Upper Egypt, 
where Amen and Anion, his wife, were first worshipped, 
it follows that Memphis must have been well peopled 
and civilized in B. C. 1800, when the Israelites went 
there, whose exodus is set down at B. C, 1495. 

From what we know of the growth of peoples 
when thev become great, Memphis must have had a 
population of 30 millions as early as B. C, 2500, and 
long before Thebes had matured into the capital ol. all 
Egypt. 

The great stones that built the pyramids must, 
from the earliest times, have been brought down the 
Nile from Upper Egypt. Hence we infer that Lower 
Egypt first began to be settled B. C, 3500. This com- 
putation would throw the Creation back to at least 
B. C, 5000. 

There is a singular expression in Genesis, made 
soon after the statement that the ark rested on Monnt 
Aarat, viz: "As they journeyed westward." The pec- 



-36- 



pie must have been very numerous to have attempted 
to build a tower that would reach to heaven. India 
and China may have been well peopled before they 
journied westward, for Shinar is S.S.E., instead of west, 
from Ararat, supposing that to be the Ararat referred 
to. Apropos, tablets have been discovered and de- 
ciphered, showing the ruins of a very large city, 12 
miles west of the Euphrates, and near the Persian 
Gulf, and stating in heiroglyphics that Noah reared a 
temple there. It is supposed that Sepharvaim, Hena 
and Ivah were names of antediluvian cities. 

SUPPOSED EARLY HISTORY OF ANCIENT AMERICA. 

The cave dwellers would be the first known wild 
savage men, followed by the mound-builders — more 
civilized. We find tribes of American Indians are 
very much scattered, and found everywhere, from north 
to south. They may be considered the remains of 
three distinct civilizations; The first, from B.C., 1500 
to the sinking of the Atlantis, consisting of Egyptians, 
Assyrians and Celts. The following would be the 
empires before and during these civilizations and semi- 
civilizations: The Chimus in South America and At- 
lantis would be the first in order, after the gigantic, 
Herculean race of the Pacific Ocean. "These (Chi- 
mus) would exist a thousand years, followed by the 
Incas, their conquerors in West South America. Then 
would come the Toltecs, in Central America, followed 
by the Aztecs in Mexico. The second civilization 
would be of the Greeks, Romans and Northmen, from 
B. C. 600 to A. D. 400. 

The breaking up of the Roman Empire, whose 
mines became exhausted or inoperative, would cause 
the return home of the Romans. 

Then would pour down hordes of Tartars from 
Siberia, when the Behring Straits were not so wide, 
meeting another race (the Toltecs?) increasing from 
the South. 

The third civilization would be due to the Danes, 
Welsh, Belgians and Scandinavians, settling first at 
the mouth of the St. Lawrence. This civilization 



—37— 



\\vuld be opposed by another invasion of the Tartars, 
as evidenced by the driving west of the Modocs and 
Macedas beyond the Mississippi. 

The existence. of several civilizations is shown by 
the number of distinct languages (not dialects) exist- 
ing among the Pacific Islanders. Early languages 
were not alphabetic, but representative, symbolic, hy- 
perbolic, syllabic, and pollysynthetic, without analy- 
sis or precision. It is published that there are 760 
distinct languages among the Indians of America and 
the Pacific Isles, although only numbering a few mil- 
lions more than all the rest of this world together. It 
has been supposed from this, that America, with its 
submerged continents, was the original cradle of the 
human race. If so, it must have preceded the Adamic 
race. 

ITEMS OF THOUGHT TO BE IN VER WOVEN. 

1. The return or recall of the Romans to their 
own country, would induce the Tartars to destroy the 
then existing civilization. 

2. The argument for evolution, arising from the 
growth of human language, has a strong bearing on 
the subject of chronology. 

3. Commerce depends greatly on literature. 

4. Nations that do not cultivate the literary arts 
must necessarily fall back on human passions. 

5. According to Mrs. Helen Wil man's correlation 
of forces, the quality of a person's thought is revealed 
in his surroundings. 

6. All things are possible with God, but the bal- 
anced culture of one's faculties is his best resurrection. 

7. It is very fine philosophy to say that no parti- 
cle of matter can ever be destroyed, and that the chain 
of causes and effects is complete. 

8 Faith (as embodying sentiment) may be man's 
greatest requisition, but reason has its quota of in- 
fluence. 

9. The use of figurative language is elevating. 

10. The following are examples: 

"God has made of one blood all the nations of 



/ 



-38- 



piti earth-;" ''Except ye eat my flesh, and drink my 
blood, ye have no life in vou;" "The hour cometh 
and now is, when all they that are in their graves 
shall hear the voice of the Son of Man, and they that 
hear shall live;" "Every eye shall see Him." — (Bible.) 

EVOLUTION, GENERAL AND SPECIAL. 

If there is anything in the life of man that repre- 
sents the Tree of Life, it is the science of the brain, 
which receives Divine revelation, and of which the 
cerebrum is essentially opposite to the cerebellum. 

The cerebellum, or sexual instinct, might appro- 
priately be called the tree of the knowledge of good 
and evil. It is only in proportion as a man under- 
stands and overcomes the animal propensities, that he 
becomes a gentleman. Disinterested sexual affection 
can be soon dissipated by moral power. 

The power of the cerebellum is soon controlled 
by the science of the cerebrum and of organic quality. 
Regeneration, generically, is to be born of a certain 
fluent spirit. The figurative is a stepping stone to 
mental evolution. 

Swedenborg teaches that man's regeneration is 
taught bv the Mosaic accounts of the Creation and 
Deluge. 

The Encyclopedia Brittanica says: "The first 
chapter of Genesis is the work of an interpolating 
hand, and not as old as the second chapter, beginning 
at the 4th verse, and that it cannot, in the nature of 
things be literal." 

The deluge is an antetype of baptism, which is 
the type of a still greater antetype. 

The following thoughts throw some light on the 
Mosaic accounts of a literal deluge: There could have 
been a vaporous ring round the earth, and no rain or 
clouds. There could have been few seas, much more 
land, and low mountains. 

Prof. Edison says: "We do not know one hun- 
dred thousandeth part of one per cent, of the wonders 
of the world," as e. g., the development of the mag- 
netic trance condition." 



-39- 



The Bible account says: "The ark rested on Mt. 
Ararat three days after the waters began to abate." 
But the Andes and Himalayahs are two or three 
miles higher. 

Exhalations from the waters could have destroyed 
all life — even carrion birds and sea-gulls, who live on 
fish, rising to breathe. Again, God could have dis- 
persed the creatures of the ark and marsupials to Aus- 
tralia, just as Phillip was taken up by the Spirit and 
found at Azotus. To our finite conceptions, laws 
seem to govern the universe; but the will of God is 
greater than all His laws, and it is that will that gov- 
erns the universe. 

Swedenborg says angels and spirits can come into a 
man's sphere, and speak his language without having 
learned it, and that better than himself. Adam and 
Eve are made to speak and reason the same day they 
were created. 

Again, the remains of much more gigantic mar- 
supials are found buried deep in the ground in Aus- 
tralia. 

Again, the one window referred to in the ark may- 
have been onlv the skylight window. 

But the Great Eastern was as large as the ark, 
and could not contain 1,600 species of animals, 5,000 
species of birds, 150,000 articulata, and several hun- 
dred of mollusks. Or is creation continuous? — in a 
subordinate degree? 

There are trees in the equatorial regions of South 
Africa and South America that are shown to go much 
farther back in antiquity than the deluge. They 
might have passed through it. 

Light pumice stone is still found on the moun- 
tains of France. 

The supposed Ararat has sides too steep for the 
descent of animals. The olive does not grow near it. 

In Hebrew, expletives and exaggerated expres- 
sions are very common. The word "God" is attached 
to anything above the common. 

C. A. S. Totten, in "Our Race," admits that the 
Himalayahs never were covered — that all breathing 



—40- 



creatures wol Id have been, asphyxiated. In translat- 
ing from Hebrew, the same word may have two or 
three meaning's, which can only be determined from 
the context. Earth is put far land, as e. g:, "Ephraim 
shall dwell in the midst of the earth." "Family tribe 
and nation are changes for the same word. The ar- 
row-heads of the drift period are acknowledged to be 
older than 6000 years; but as the Septuagint places 
the Creation at more than 6000 B. C, the drift period 
could have been coeval with the Mosaic Creation. 

The skulls of Calaveras and Tuolumne counties 
are the oldest in Amerka. Obsidian is mainly found 
at 130 ft depth in California. 

There is a Chaldean work on astronomy that dates 
back to B. C. 3800. Papyri are found in Egypt 30CO 
B. C. Tablets at 1300 B. C. Works of a wild man 
are traced to 4000 years. Prehistoric times end with 
the eliscovery of iron and smelting. Clav was abun- 
dant near Voleano Lakes. 

' RECAPITULATED. 

It is certain that wheels for making pottery were 
used 1800 B. C. at Thebes in Upper Egypt. Lower 
Egypt must have been colonized at least 1000 years 
before, but pottery made without wheels, ie., hand- 
made, is found for three ages of man before that, viz, 
of stone, lead, brass and iron. This fact is univer- 
sally agreed to by scholars Man is contemporary 
with alluvium which existed after the drift and gla- 
cier periods had ceased, and is called the pleistocene 
period. Terraces of alluvium are found 90 feet above 
the level of rivers and were first formed by their means 
and then increased by vegetable decay. 

The oldest human skulls in Europe, larger than 
those of succeeding ages were found in the Engis, 
(Swiss) and Neanderthal caves (Netherlands.) In 
the Swiss Lakes thousands of Piles are found pre- 
served deep in the beds of the lakes that once served 
for supports of dwellings both for seeuritv and conve- 
nience. The size of the Swiss Glaciers were first a 



—4L- 



half a mile in extent and is the period allotted to 
Hint- tool and arrowhead makers. A human skull 
has been found in England beneath the bed of a riyer 
that has worn through rock for a depth of 100 feet 
(see Pottery in Brit. Encyc.) and Geikies' Prehistoric 
Man, one inch of soil in 20 years would give 2,400 
years, Marine shells are found 300 feet above the le- 
vel of river banks, also 50 and 60 feet below the sur- 
face at the delta of the Mississippi River, below a 
beach once made by the sea. In Tuolumne Co., Cal., 
while digging a tunnel 60 to 70 feet below the sur- 
face a pesial and mortar were found in gold bearing 
gravel. No ruins, even of adobe are found in the two 
lower terraces of the Mississippi but only on the up- 
per one. Marine shells are found on moun rains in 
California 400 feet above the present level of the sea. 
No boulders are found on the Rockies. Drawings 
are found on the tusks of mammoth and forms of 
elks. Specimens of ancient Irish pottery are of 
superior make than those of England. America had 
fewer ancient animals than Europe and Asia. Where- 
ever we have gone we have found human beings. A 
tall, black race has recently been discovered on the 
frontiers of Abysinia. Pictures on the amphora of 
Corinth indicate a high degree of perfection, in the 
knowledge of human nature, beauty and physiogno- 
my stronglv tinctured with animal sexual magnetism. 
One writer (Pohlsom) allows .40,033 years for the flint 
tools and arrowheads found in the sand and gravel 
beds of the undisturbed strata of the Niagaro Falls. 

The Following as taken, from the Eos Angeles 
Times of July 11, 1900 was itself taken from the New 
Haven Correspondence, Boston Globe of July, 1900: 
"Dr. Wieland found the skull of a turtle (amphibious) 
on the banks of the Cheyenne Stream in the Black 
Hills, country, now in the Peabody Museum at New 
York. It is of the triassic- period, ten million yeais 
ago. It is 29 inches in length and 16 inches in depth. 
Of all living animals the turtle is the onlv one whose 



anatomy is the same as it was ten million years ago." 
This turtle must have weighted 8000 pounds. It was 
imbedded in a cretaceous formation and was once 
covered with a salt water ocean. In geological times 
when the development of the turtle reached its zenith, 
turtles were from 12 to 14 feet in length and weighed 
from 4 to 6 tons. They preved upon all living crea- 
tures of their times. The Monosauria were no match 
for it in speed and strength. The Hesperornis, the 
carnivorous ostrich that lived in the ocean was its 
prey (see Hugasaurus). The archeopteryx, the miss- 
ing link between the birds and reptiles, feared the tur- 
tle. The Pyeranondon whose head was 3 feet long, 
furnished food for it. 

Note — In sandstone along the Conneticutt River 
the tracks of 40 species bipeds and quadrupeds are 
found. The Dinormis was 16 feet high, an immense 
bird of New Zealand. Ripple marks are found in 
sandstone quarries. Coprolites are the fossil dungs 
of great lizards. Petrified reptiles are found in a fos- 
sil state which contained the scales of fish which were 
devoured before any quadrupeds existed. The fetiches 
which were cut out of stone with lava made 
knives are now too hard to be impressed by files. 
They must have been lohg in mineral water, yet they 
are found high upon mountains. 

The cliff dwellers must have been very ancient 
because metals were known to the antediluvians but 
hardly to them. The ideas of the cliff dwellers in 
drawing forms are too rude for postdiluvians. They 
could work on limestone where high cliffs are found. 
The Pemas and Pneblos [town dwelling Indians] un- 
like other Indians, cultivate patches of ground. The 
Apaches and Navajos are free booters. The latter 
have been called the Jews of the Indians. 

The San Francisco Examiner of July 25, 1900, 
gave an account of' of the finding of an aneient ruin 
between Espagnola and Bland, about 25 miles from 
the former place. Only the top was discovered; the 



—43— 



lower stories being buried. There was a roof on the 
top which was flat on which people lived. There 
were found on the top in one room signs that the peo- 
ple had been cooking a meal when they vacated it. 
It was a large building containing 1500 rooms, two 
or three stories high. They found pottery thick with 
designs and superior to anything found among the 
Navajoes of Arizona, also cloth of antique makes and 
stone axes. Some of the things crumbled on being 
exposed to the air, a sign of the greatest antiquity of 
5000 or 6000 years. There were buffalo bones (in Ar- 
izona and New Mexico) in large caldrons of copper. 
Had they been driven out by an enemy these things 
would have been taken. Their territory indicates 
signs of having been very populous. Sufficient num- 
ber of years passed away in solitude to have allowed 
time to bury the buildings. The stone building was 
well shaped and constructed. Could its desertion 
have been from an earthquake and tidal w r aves on 
each side before the border states existed? Four 
thousand vears would have been sufficient to burv 
the building but the copper kettles remained on the 
roof for that time. The stair cases were gone. 

EXTRACTS FROM AUTHORS. 

Philological objections to L veil's doctrine about the 
mines of Lake Superior and the mound 
builders of the bottom lands. 

(Taken from Public Opinion) 

Among the evidences brought forward to prove the 
antiquity of man, the pauoitv of relics of his own per- 
son compared with the abundance of the sites of cities 
proves the people to have been agricultural. The 
shells of the Gulf of Mexico, the carved figures of the 
Manitou and Toucan indicate that they held commu- 
nication with the. sea, while the native copper proves 
that they either worked the mines of Lake Superior 
or had communication with some tribe that did. 
That some ancient people worked the mines in ques-; 

—44— 



tion, there can be no doubt, for abundant evidences 
of such workings have been discovered and that too on 
a scale quite commensurate with the works of mound- 
builders whether these monuments be posterior or an- 
terior to the bottom lands. They are newer than the 
Post-Pleiocene terraces on which they rest. If they be 
older than the alluvial bottoms: some remains of man 
ought to be found in that alluvium. The deposits of 
the alluvial plains of the delta of New Orleans are of 
about the same age i.e. are recent, and there according 
to Dr. Dowler some charcoal and a human skeleton 
the cranium of which is said to belong to the aborigi- 
nal type of the red Indian, were found. This discovery 
was made in excavating for gas-works at New Orleans 
through a succession or beds almost wholly composed 
of vegetable matter such as are now forming in the cy- 
press swamps of the neighborhood. The skeleton was 
found at the depth of 19 ft and beneath 4 successive 
layers of buried trees. Dr. D. estimates the deposit that 
covered it to have been 50000 yrs. in forming. The fol- 
lowing is taken from Baldwin's Ancient America (on 
Moundbuilders) Harper Bros., N.Y. 

Mr. Stephens said of the ruins of Kabah in Yucatan: 
"The cornice running over the doorways tried by the 
severest rules of art recognized among us would em- 
bellish the architecture of any known era. Intelligence 
much skill in masonry and much labour were required 
to construct the artificial ponds to supply water, being 
cemented and w r ell constructed at their bottoms and 
the long subterranean passages that lead down to the 
pool of water. The reservoir is 450ft. below the surface 
of the ground and the passage leading to it 1400 ft in 
length. Buildings are pyramidal (proof against earth 
quake ) and hundreds of ft. long containg rooms 6ox 
16 q 11 ft. Some Buildings are 800 by 100 ft. with de- 
corations abundant and very rich. They were sunwor- 
shippe's and knew geometry,astronomy and fortifica- 
tion. There were subterranean terraces and rooms 
of great length now under modern cities. There was a 
triumphal arch at Kabah (ancient Maya the chief town 
of Mayapan). The cardinal points were known and thev 



—45— 



had a standard of measurement. There were 36 shafts 
or columns in parallel rows and balustrades of entwi- 
ned bodies of huge serpents. Shrubs or vegetation grew 
on mounds or terraces of hewn stone. There are walls 
274 ft. long 30 thick and 120 ft. apart. The colored 
paints on the walls are still bright of green, red, blue, 
yellow, and reddish brown; wooden lintels are common 
at Yucatan but not at the other rums. The palace of 
Palenqne(modern name) or the Governor's palace was 
at Uxmal in Yucatan. Herrera savs there were so ma- 
nv and so great stately buildings that it was amazing. 
The Aztecs were overthrown by the Spaniards, the Tol- 
tecs preceded them and the Colhuas the Toltecs. 

The above description suits antediluvian times of no 
rain; it suits a very numerous, strong and settled peo- 
ple knowing the art of chiselling and hardening a spe- 
cies of soft stone and who lived very long. The Toltecs 
would be driven from Ohio by hordes of barbarians of 
the north. The Natches Indians a supposed remnant of 
the Toltecs are sunworshippers and maintain a perpet- 
ual fire. Mr. S. continues, "in one room of a great 
building at Uxmal, walls were coated with a very fine 
plaster of Paris, equal to the best seen on w r alls in this 
country. He says the laying and polishing of stones are 
as perfect as under rules of the best modern masonry. 
The elaborate sculptured ruins of Palenque are 7 or 8 
leagues one way and half a league the other. (24 by 1 
half miles) This would claim to be the seat of an em- 
pire that preceeded those in S.America. The cross is a 
common emblem found in the ruins. It was known to 
the Phoenicians and is found in the ruins of Nineveh 
around the neck of an early Nimrod-king. Four sacred 
signs are found: the crescent, the star, sun, the trident 
and the cross. It is also found on oriental prisoners fig- 
ured in Egyptian mummies. To degrade this religious 
emblem, the cross, Alexander the great ordered 2000 of 
the principal citizens of Tyre to be crucified. Palenque 
is full of inscrptions. Blocks of stone 6 ft in length, 
compose the great wall of Copan 624 ft. long. The 
Pyramidal building it supported has a wide terrace 
160 feet above the river . on which great trees 



are growing 20 ft. in circumference 2000 year* 
old. There are obelisks, piazzas, and a building 
like the Coliseum of Rome. Some of the edifices 
combine the solidity of Egypt with the elegance of the 
Greek. Mosaics at Mitla are more ingenious 
than plain in relief of the purest design, it is a maze of 
courts and buildings. There are roads along the Andes 
one ran the whole length of the empire from Quito to 
Chili. Another starting from this at Cuzco went down 
to the coast and extended north-ward to the equator. 
They are built on beds or deep understructures of ma- 
sonry from 20to25 ft. in width made level and smooth 
for paving and macadamizing with pulverized stone & 
lime and bitumen, used in all their masonry. On it 
was a very strong wall more than a fathom in thick- 
ness; built straight over marshes, rivers and vast chasms 
of the Sierras through rocks, precipices and mountain 
sides,a marvellous work cut through rocks for leagues. 
Great ravines are filled up with solid masonry, Rivers 
were crossed by suspension-bridges no obstruction en- 
countered which the builders did not overcome. It was 
as long as the two Pacific Railroads. The old city Ga- 
diz (now Cadiz)founded B.C. 1 100 is still inhabited. It 
was built over Tartesus which had been in ruins long 
B.C. Query: How long had Palenque's old ruins existed 
when that first Tyrian ship was driven across the At- 
lantic a distance of about 3000 miles? 
-The following is taken from the Scientific Man, vol. 2, 
No 6 N.Y. A.D. 1880 on the time that has elapsed 
since era of the Cave men of Devonshire by Mr.Pengel- 
ly Esq. F.R.S. showing the connection between certain 
formations in Kents Cavern with the peat-bogs of Den- 
mark. The time calculate. d from inscrptions in Kent,s 
Cavern Devon-by the formation of stalagmites on them 
A film of stalagmite accreted on the inscriptions since 
they mere cut glazes them slightly over. On a boss of 
sialagmiite there is the following inscription: "Robert 
Hedges of Ireland Feb. 20th, 1688. Another is dated 1604 
what years have elapsed since have made no appreciable 
change and yet the calcareous water has been constant 
ly dripping. There is no shadow of doubt that the ins- 



eruptions are genuine. Carbonate of lime accreted on 
the inscriptions 250 years old form not more than a 20th 
part of an inch where it is formed with unusual rapidi- 
ty. It would take 5000 yrs. to account for the granular 
stalagmite of only an inch and for 60 in^oooooyrs. The 
old cave men left behind 366 flint tools. Note, this in- 
dicates that the tools became gradually covered and the 
cave men were there in successive ages. Below the stal- 
agmite came a deposit known as cave-earth 4ft thick. 
In the stalagmite we ha\e the lemains of both extinct 
and recent animals and flint implements. The cave 
earth contains our g "eat ha; vest of them. 

(Neolithic polished flint). Man made the bone 
implements and amongst them are numerous bone 
needles with well-drilled eyes. Below cave- earth is 
another stalagmite of much greater thickness, being 
12 ft. .while that above cave-earth nowhere exceeds 
5 ft. The lower stalagmite is of totally different char- 
acter to that in the higher level, we will term it crys- 
talline and the upp?* granular, in evtrv instance where 
a bone is found it is crusted-' over with a thin film of 
stalagmite. Where it lay was the upper portion or 
floor of. the cavern for a very long time. During that 
time the drip from the roof brought the ■stalagmitemat- 
ter down forming a film round the object. The pro- 
cess was interrupted by a layer of cave-earth. Ab^ve 
we find another bone or stone under precisely the same 
condition aud that goes on through the entire thickness 
of the cave earth. When we remove one' of the large 
rocks of limestone f^urfd in the cave- earth and find 
bone under it we find that bone crusted, the broken 
part lying in juxta position on : a firm unyielding sur- 
face. The bone was broken by that limestone falling on 
it. The caveearth was introduced very slowly and re- 
presents a very' large amount of time. W^e then go fur- 
ther back to the old crystalline stalagmite and then 
Aq the Breccia below that which is formed of material 
utterly unlike, the caveearth. There is a different fauna 
&nd a different constructon c f surface. The palaeonto- 
logical evidence is the cave lion,thelynx felis the hyena 
fox;wolf,cave-bear,glutton and the badger. There are 

48 - 



implements of a ruder kind found in Hie lower 
deposit, (Breccia) a totally different kind of im- 
plement. Man was in Devonshire, the contemporary of 
the extinct cave-mammals. The implements found 
in Kent's cavern are of the Palaeolithic kind, i. e., of 
the stone age prior to the bronze age. The imple- 
ments in the cave earth are Neolithic and belong to 
the hyaenine period. But those in the Breccia below 
the crystalized stalagmite belong to the Ursine period 
of Kent's cavern. The former are delicately made, 
never polished, and all made of flakes. The latter are 
massive, made invariably of flint-nodules, and not 
flake. With the nodules they struck off a plank or 
flakes of flint, and fashioned it into a more delicate 
instrument. Though they are all Palaolithic, they 
belong to two different types. 

Passing from that, I ask you to accompany me to 
Denmark, where the naturalists have been able to get 
a chronology out of its peat bogs and which is a land 
of beech trees. Below the beech there came a time 
when there was no beech, but oak, of a particular 
kind, having leaves of a long footstalk called pedun- 
culated. Below that there is another form of oak, 
with no footstalk, called sessile. Below that the 
Scotch fir is the most prevalent. Here we have a 
chronological series. Let us endeavor to attach a 
time value to them. We are sure the beech period 
represents 1800 years, for the Romans inform us that 
Denmark was a land of beech trees. We may say 
2500 years for one species of tree in Denmark, prior to 
which there was no beech. Prior to that there were 
two kinds of oaks; prior to oaks, firs. The Scotch fir 
will not now grow in Devonshire, even when coaxed 
and petted bv the agriculturist. If we take these 
periods and multiply them by 2500, w r e get 10,000 
years for the time of these trees. How does this ac- 
cord with archaeological evidence? The iron tool 
comes down to the beech period, no further. The 
bronze tools go below the first oak and halfway into 
the sessile variety. Below that down to the bottom 



—49— 



of the firs we have the neolithic unpolished flint tools, 
as found in the cave-earth of Kent's cavern, Devon- 
shire, all of flakes. Though thousands of years are 
absorbed in this way, and we go back to the lower 
levels, we have not got back to the Kent's cavern, up- 
per or granular stalagmite (prior to which 300,000 
years were reckoned.) Now let us coordinate that 
with the animals iu the cavern. 

Denmark (From Upper to Lower.) 

1. Peat bog. 

2. Beech period, 2500 years, iron tools. 

3. Sessile, oak aud bronze tools, 2500 years. 

4. Pedunculated, oak nnd flint tools, 2500 years. 

5. Firs, 2500 years. Total, 10,000 years. 

6. Bottoms of bog, black mould, limestone, con- 
temporary with No. 10 below. 

Kent's Cavern. 

7. Granulated stalagmite 5 feet, 300,000 years. 

8. Cave-earth, all flakes, neolithic tools, wolf and 
glutton. 

9. Crystalized stalagmite, 12 feet thick, a total of 
one million two hundred thousand years. 

10. Breccia, Palaeolethic tools; lion, bear, lynx; 
2,200,000 years passed away before the Breccia man- 
made implements are found and consisted of nodules 
and flakes; then there was no English channel. 

it. Wild Archaic man. 

12. Alluvium (from rivers.) 

13. Drift. 

14. Pleistocene periods. 

Query. — Were the pedunculated trees contemporary 
with polished or unpolished implements? According 
to this account the palaeolithic were the polished and 
the neolithic unpolished. 

The nodules gradually fashioned the flakes 
more delicately, till only flakes were used, 
and remained unpolished, found in the cave-earth. 
The whole of the bog period does not take us back 
beyond the neolithic implements. They take us back 
through the iron and bronze ages, but fail to reach 
the palaeolithic tools in the Breccia. When we have 

—50— 



got there, we are in but the black mould period. Be- 
low the black mould we come to the great deposit of 
the granular stalagmite, formed at the rate of 1-20 
part of an inch in 250 ysars. and there are five feet to 
account for. All that amount of time absorbed, and 
we are back into the cave-earth period, representing a 
prodigeous amount of time, during which vast herds 
of cattle lived in Britain. We go further still, when 
there was no hyena and nothing indicated his pres- 
ence, and none of the bones gnawed after his partic- 
ular fashion. When we remember that the hyena was 
a cave hunting animal, the fact that it was not found 
in that cavern is tolerable proof that* the hyena was 
not in Britain. After the Breccia and Ursine period 
(palaeolithic) Britain was connected with the conti- 
nent. The English channel was dry and the hyena, 
and perhaps his companions, came to Britain from 
France. Far back as these successive times take us, 
and they do it to almost bewilderment, they do not 
take us back to the beginning of man in Britain. We 
have brought three witnesses that concur in the an- 
tiquity of man; viz — Geology, Paleobiology and Ar- 
chaeology; but not from the geographical or climatic 
argument. Take any view you like, whether the view 
that the Archaic man was self- developed into the 
Palaeolithic man, and they into the Neolithic, and 
they into the metal tool making, you cannot get rid 
of the vast amount of time for man's existence on the 
earth. 

The following is taken from Geo. W. Peck's 
''Melbourne and the Chincha Islands," published by 
Chas. Scribner, N. Y , Nassau street, 1854: He de- 
scribes the Isles as having immense deposits of guano on 
islands now low, and that at a depth of 17 feet in the 
guano there were found large pieces of granite chipped 
off, while there is no granite within twenty miles 
south, and that on an island. The inference is tha} a 
continent once existed there, having mountains of 
granite, and that they were submerged by lightning 
shocks, which broke off the pieces of granite. The 
three islands referred to are about a mile in length 



-5 1 — 



and covered with guano, the highest being 400 feet 
above the sea level. The guano consists of the de- 
composed remains of seals, sea lions, pelicans and 
penguins. Seals crawled to the top to die. 

The following is taken from Major C. C Bennett's 
pamphlet on "The Sandwich Islands," Bancroft & Co., 
S. F., 1903: All of the northern part of the American 
continent bears unmistakable signs of a prehistoric 
civilized man. Who cut the mighty roadways 
through the mountains of Arizona? Some of these 
roadways are 100 miles in length, and parts (now) a 
mile in depth? Who built the immense canals that 
water the plains and valleys west of the river Gila? 
Who built the houses that were found in the cliffs 
bordering on the canals and discovered over 300 years 
ago by Spaniards? It is thought by visitors that when 
these houses were built, they were nearly level with 
the water, but they were built so long ago that the 
water has worn the rock and earth down a hundred 
feet? Who made the sword that was found at Negro 
Hill near Mormon Island, 32 miles east of Sacramento 
south of the American Island? A shaft was dug 30 
feet in depth to bedrock. At the bottom of that shaft 
was found a sword 2I feet in length and 2 l 2 in. in 
width. Everything but the metal had decayed. It 
was very rusted and found to be composed of the best 
steel and temper. When I was mining on Coon Hill, 
I sank a shaft. When 95 ft. in depth I came upon a 
stratum of charcoal, went through that and 5 ft. more 
of sand-gravel, and came to a second stratum of char- 
coal and four feet further to the bed of rock. No bet- 
ter coal was ever burnt. It was equal to stone coal, 
as it had been buried so long. Whence came those 
st rat urns of charcoal of four feet in thickness with five 
feet of sand and gravel intervening? The Spaniards 
gave an account of a civilized race that lived on the 
N. W. coast as earlv as A. D. soo. 



[Sentinel print, Sawtelle, Calif., U. S. A., A. D. 1904.] 



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